The+Rise+of+Science

Pre-Socratics:
 * Scholars consider Lecippus the founder of the atomistic school and speculative thinker of the highest degree.
 * Democratics lived in Abdera in north Greece.
 * Lecippus and Democratics described atoms as hard and indivisible with different shapes and sizes, yet invisible to the naked eye. The different shapes of the atoms allow them to join together into all kinds of different bodies.

Socrates:
 * "Ignorance is the only evil" - said by Socrates.
 * Socrates believed that happiness came from leading a good life.
 * Socrates believed that he might find out what is right from wrong by asking questions (understanding).
 * Socrates was arrested and accuses of corrupting young minds and worshipping false gods.
 * Socrates believed laws should be made by the wise.

Plato:
 * Knowledge is justified true belief.
 * True knowledge cannot be gained through the five senses.
 * The world we live in is a shadow of the real world; to escape this shadow, you have to go beyond perception.
 * The mind moves through four stages to gain knowledge: 1. Imaging, 2. Belief, 3. Thinking, 4. Reason/Intuition

Aristotle:
 * Aristotle was a Greek philosopher (382 BC-322 BC).
 * He was the student of Plato.
 * His main ideas were Golden Mean, Logic, Reason, and Passion.
 * Plato's main interests was the Platonic Realism, the abstract ideas of life, justice, education, and family.
 * The main interests of Aristotle were logic, reason, and observation.
 * Plato and Aristotle differ in their philosophies.
 * Plato's works were more of metaphysical nature whereas Aristotle's work was more of self-analysis.

Early Christians - Martin Luther
 * Greeks: humans need education.
 * Christianity: humans need God to save them and most humans deserve to go to Hell.
 * Islam, Christianity, and Judaism all have a belief in one God.
 * Church: you should pay money to go to Heaven.
 * Luther was a monk in Germany.
 * He translated the Bible from from Latin to Germany.
 * He worked to change the Church authority.

Utilitarianism: John Mill :
 * Jeremy Bentham :
 * Principle of utility.
 * Pleasure and pain are the motivating factors of all human beings.
 * 4 sanctions: physical, moral, political, religious.
 * Human liberty
 * Harm principle
 * Son of the famous ricardian economist (James Mill)
 * Individualist

The Rise of Science are a classified group of people, that are responsible for the birth of what we know today as science.
 * Each philosopher was in a place in time where the authority has very great control of how the world works. The were biased, they forced people to think of the world the way they chose it to be, and this made it extremely hard for these philosophers to express the theories they have rebuilt.
 * Starting with the first historically, Galileo Galilee was the first person in history to think of objects' masses and how related they are to each other. His alternative way of viewing things is what started theory of knowledge, and helped in the discovery of other scientific approaches.
 * René Descartes thought he can penetrate the barrier of authority though-out thinking (he was a rationalist). He searched for the meaning of existence.
 * Thomas Hobbes was a politician, but feared people and so was socially isolated. This fear of people is what inspired him to conduct his theory of social contract. A theory stating that people think of themselves and only themselves.
 * Isaac Newton on the other hand, used Galileo's perceptions to think of how things act and react, and he always applied that in the real world.
 * In order to reach the level of their achievements these philosophers used a concept of think that the world is neutral.

Empiricism:
 * Knowledge comes from the five sense
 * Emphasizes the importance of experience and direct evidence
 * Follows scientific method philosophy
 * All theories and claims must be tested by observing and perceiving the world
 * Rejects the idea of only gaining knowledge through logic and reason
 * Locke, Hobbes, and Berkeley were the main drivers of the philosophy

Immanuel Kant
 * His philosophy was called Critical Philosophy
 * Tried to create a middle ground between empiricists and rationalists
 * Believed we have two types of knowledge, them being a priori (innate) and posteriori (empirical)
 * Believed a priori knowledge was always universally true, and a posteriori is never unusually true
 * Agreed with rationalists that reason could allow you to obtain a lot of knowledge, but disagreed with just how much you could know - agreed with empiricists on how empirical knowledge, disagreed with their idea that "Our knowledge ends with sense experience."